In early August, Sudan notified the World Health Organization (WHO) that poliovirus had been detected in the country. From August 9 to August 26, 13 cases of this virus were reported. Then, on August 25, the WHO announced that Africa was free from poliovirus. How could this be?
The answer lies in the distinction between wild poliovirus and vaccine-derived poliovirus. Africa is wild poliovirus free, leaving just Afghanistan and Pakistan left in the fight to eradicate wild poliovirus. However, if the poliovirus vaccine is allowed, it can mutate into a disease causing virus. The poliovirus vaccine itself does not cause disease. But, if people are not widely vaccinated and live in environments with poor hygiene, the weakened poliovirus in a vaccinated person can be spread to other people. That weakened poliovirus can mutate as it spreads, becoming a disease causing agent like the wild poliovirus. This has caused outbreaks, like the one in Sudan, of vaccine-derived poliovirus.
It’s important to remember that this does not mean we should stop using the poliovirus vaccine. That would not stop cases of polio from occurring either. The lesson we should really take away from outbreaks like this is the danger of allowing a virus to circulate in a community. That is what turns the vaccine into a disease-causing virus. Circulation can be prevented through vaccination, so mass vaccination campaigns are essential to prevent community circulation.
-Olivia
https://www.who.int/csr/don/01-september-2020-polio-sudan/en/
https://www.who.int/csr/don/24-september-2019-polio-outbreak-the-philippines/en/
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