Herpes simplex viruses type 2 is a sexually transmitted disease with a worldwide estimated prevalence of over 535 million people and an annual incidence of 24 million infections. Sexually transmitted herpes is infamous for the genital lesions it gives rise to, however its lesser known transgressions include neonatal herpes which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It also has a major role in perpetuating the HIV epidemic by causing genital tract inflammation that increases the risk of HIV infection by threefold.
Among the ten herpesviruses that can infect humans, Varicella Zoster virus (the etiological agent of Chickenpox) is the only one with an effective licensed vaccine. There has been debate about whether it is possible to develop an effective Herpes simplex virus vaccine with existing scientific technology. The existence of two different types of Varicella Zoster vaccines acts as proof of concept for vaccine development, especially since Varicella Zoster and Herpes simplex are closely related alphaherpesviruses. Also, the highly efficacious Human Papillomavirus vaccine is proof of concept that a vaccine given intramuscularly can successfully develop genital mucosal immunity in the patient.
The WHO has been keeping track of potential Herpes simplex vaccines that are in the drug development pipeline. As of their 2014 report, there were 14 candidates in the pipeline, 5 of which were in clinical trials. But truthfully, hope for a herpes vaccine has been fading. Herpesviruses are large, complex viruses that may have multiple ways of getting into host cells. This means that vaccine-induced antibodies specific for one region of the viral surface may not be altogether efficacious in preventing infection.
In November 2020, a new candidate, R2, was found to induce protection against HSV-2 and HSV-1 infection in a guinea-pig animal model, and this made waves in biotech media. This vaccine was developed following the failure of several subunit vaccines and is itself a live attenuated vaccine that was engineered to be unable to infect the sensory system. Since HSV-1 and 2 become latent and indetectable by the immune system in neural tissue, in principle, the virus could be eradicated from the body following acute infection from vaccination, leaving behind memory B cells to protect against future infection by wild type virus.
The R2 vaccine has only been tested in the guinea pig model of HSV-2, and yet the accomplishment of making a live attenuated HSV vaccine candidate is immensely promising for the future of HSV vaccine development.
- Renata
1 comment:
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